Panavia Tornado aerodynamic model

Background


I've got a very long standing interest in the Tornado - as it was the first simulator that I worked on in 1984. I worked on the F2-ADV variant for the RAF, delivered to the TTTE  at Cottesmore (the only reference I can find is this citation http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1108/eb035909).
Obviously I've sat in and flown the simulator (as pilot and WSO); however it didn't have a visual system, but everything else was there, and it was fun to fly; however I doubt my memory can be relied on for any flight characteristics (not that I even understood what it all was back then). 
I've always planned on making a flight model for the Tornado - but it's a very complicated aircraft in terms of the aerodynamics and the systems that need to be simulated, and then there's all of the fun stuff that you get to use in the backseat.

So I built a model using VSPAERO. This model is not publicly available.

Panavia Tornado VSPAero Pressure Distribution

Tornado Geometry

Panavia Tornado Geometry

Panavia Tornado VSPGeometry Overlay side view

Fuselage

Section Num X Z Width Height
Fuselage 1 2.83626  0.24986 1.16000 1.33064
Fuselage 2 4.89676 0.61101 1.96000 1.52000
Fuselage 3 10.90290 0.36298 1.76000 2.62265
Fuselage 4 16.10943 0.15968 0.98000 2.10955
Overall Length 16.54        

Wing root section

Panavia Tornado Wing Geometry

  • span 13.44000
  • chord 2.28732
  • area 30.59075
  • Wing section 1: NACA 0007, root chord 3.58531, tip chord 3.82000. span 1.58, sweep 0, twist 0, dihedral -5
  • Wing section 2: NACA 64210  a=0.7, root chord 3.82, tip chord 2.15, span 0.64, sweep 69, twist 0, dihedral -5

Wing swept section

  • Wing section 3:   NACA 64210  a=0.7, root chord 2.15, tip chord 1.29. span 4.28, sweep 25, 45, 67, dihedral -5

Horizontal Stabiliser :

  • span 4.2
  • area 9.06
  • section 1:   NACA 64206  a=0.0, root chord 3.44, tip chord 1.58. span 1.54, sweep 55, twist 0, dihedral -5
  • section 2:   NACA 64002  a=0.0, root chord 1.58, tip chord 0.78, span 0.56, sweep 57.2, twist 0, dihedral -5

Vertical tail:

  • span 3.19
  • area 9.50
  • section 1:  NACA 0012, root chord 5.30, span 0.44, sweep 75.8
  • section 2: NACA 0009, root chord 3.5, span 2.76, sweep 51
  • section 3: NACA 0007

 

Supersonic aerodynamics

Panavia Tornado Mach Pressure Distribution

Panavia Tornado Mach Aerodynamic Data Tables

Panavia Tornado VSPAero Pressure Distribution Panel Method

Model summary

Dependent variable Independent variables Axis Description
CSPL WSP   SPOILER EFFECTIVITY DUE TO WINGSWEEP
CFXB alpha,elevator DRAG BASIC DRAG
CFXDSDL alpha DRAG DRAG INCREMENT DUE TO LEFT SPOILER DEFLECTION
CFXDSDR alpha DRAG DRAG INCREMENT DUE TO RIGHT SPOILER DEFLECTION
CFXSPL alpha DRAG DRAG INCREMENT DUE TO SPOILER DEFLECTION
CFZB alpha,elevator LIFT BASIC LIFT
CFZDSDL alpha LIFT LIFT INCREMENT DUE TO LEFT SPOILER DEFLECTION
CFZDSDR alpha LIFT LIFT INCREMENT DUE TO RIGHT SPOILER DEFLECTION
CMM1 alpha,elevator PITCH BASIC PITCHING MOMENT
CMMQ alpha PITCH PITCH DAMPING DERIVATIVE
CMMALPHADOT alpha PITCH PITCH MOMENT DERIVATIVE FOR ALPHA DOT
CMMBETADOT alpha PITCH PITCH MOMENT DERIVATIVE FOR BETA DOT
CML1 alpha,beta ROLL BASIC ROLLING MOMENT
CMLP alpha ROLL ROLL DAMPING DERIVATIVE
CMLBETADOT alpha ROLL ROLL MOMENT DERIVATIVE FOR BETA DOT
CMLDTD alpha,elevator ROLL ROLLING MOMENT DUE TO DIFFERENTIAL TAIL DEFLECTION
CMLDSDL alpha ROLL ROLLING MOMENT DUE TO LEFT SPOILER DEFLECTION
CMLDSDR alpha ROLL ROLLING MOMENT DUE TO RIGHT SPOILER DEFLECTION
CMLDRD alpha,beta ROLL ROLLING MOMENT DUE TO RUDDER DEFLECTION
CMLR alpha ROLL ROLLING MOMENT DUE TO YAW RATE
CFYB alpha,beta,elevator SIDE BASIC SIDE FORCE
CYDTD alpha,elevator SIDE SIDE FORCE DUE TO DIFFERENTIAL TAIL DEFLECTION
CYDSDL alpha SIDE SIDE FORCE DUE TO LEFT SPOILER DEFLECTION
CYDSDR alpha SIDE SIDE FORCE DUE TO RIGHT SPOILER DEFLECTION
CFYP alpha SIDE SIDE FORCE DUE TO ROLL RATE
CYDRD alpha SIDE SIDE FORCE DUE TO RUDDER DEFLECTION
CFYR alpha SIDE SIDE FORCE DUE TO YAW RATE
CMN1 alpha,beta,elevator YAW BASIC YAWING MOMENT
CMNBETADOT alpha YAW ROLL MOMENT DERIVATIVE FOR BETA DOT
CMNR alpha YAW YAW DAMPING DERIVATIVE
CMNDTD alpha,elevator YAW YAWING MOMENT DUE TO DIFFERENTIAL TAIL DEFLECTION
CMNDSDL alpha YAW YAWING MOMENT DUE TO LEFT SPOILER DEFLECTION
CMNDSDR alpha YAW YAWING MOMENT DUE TO RIGHT SPOILER DEFLECTION
CMNP alpha YAW YAWING MOMENT DUE TO ROLL RATE
CMNDRDr alpha,beta YAW YAWING MOMENT DUE TO RUDDER DEFLECTION

Coefficient Buildup

Axis Buildup
LIFT CFZB + CFZDSDL*DDSL*CSPL + CFZDSDR*DDSR*CSPL
DRAG CFXB + CFXDSDL*DDSL*CSPL + CFXDSDR*DDSR*CSPL + CFXSPL*DSPL
SIDE CFYB + CYDSDL*DDSL*CSPL + CYDSDR*DDSR*CSPL + CYDRD*DRUDD + CYDTD*DTFLX5*DTALD + CFYP*PB + CFYR*RB
ROLL CML1 + CMLDSDL*DDSL*CSPL + CMLDSDR*DDSR*CSPL + CMLDRD*DRUDD*DRFLX1*EPA43 + CMLDTD*DTFLX1*DTALD + CMLP*PB + CMLR*RB + CMLBETADOT*BETADOT + (DLNB*BETA)
PITCH CMM1 + CMMQ*QB + CMMALPHADOT*ALPHADOT + CMMBETADOT*BETADOT
YAW CMN1 + CMNDSDL*DDSL*CSPL + CMNDSDR*DDSR*CSPL + CMNDRDr*DRUDD*EPA43 + CMNDTD*DTFLX3*DTALD + CMNP*PB + CMNR*RB + CMNBETADOT*BETADOT + (DCNB*BETA)

 

References

  1. Richard Harrison, rjh@zaretto.com: Tornado-F2 Aerodynamic data built from vspaero; CG (9.2, 0, 0.3142)M, ZDAT/AED/2017/01-29, January, 2017: http://www.zaretto.com/sites/zaretto.com/files/Tornado-F2-data/rjh-zaretto-Tornado-F2-aerodynamic-data-vspaero.pdf
  2. Brandon Litherland: Using VSPAERO, VSPAERO, 2015/07/01 06:56: http://www.openvsp.org/wiki/doku.php?id=vspaerotutorial
  3. Parlett, Lysle P. (NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States); Shivers, James P.(NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States): Wind-Tunnel Investigation of a STOL Aircraft Configuration Equipped with an External-Flow Jet Flap, NASA-TN-D-5364 , Aug 01, 1969: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19690023897
  4. Chris Corkish: Flight Controls : Tornado Data, , 08/03/2015: http://www.tornado-data.com/Tid/systems/airframe/common/flight_controls.htm

Mass and balance

Element X Y Z Unit
Aerodynamic Reference Point (CoP) 9.20 0.00 0.31 M
Aircraft CG 9.20 0.00 0.31 M
Element   Unit
IXX 33000.00 SLUG*FT2
IYY 165000.00 SLUG*FT2
IZZ 190000.00 SLUG*FT2
IXZ 7960.00 SLUG*FT2
Element X Y Z Unit Weight
Wings 9.20 0.00 0.04 M 600 LBS

Ground Reactions

Element X Y Z Unit Index
NOSE_LG 4.60 0.00 -1.78 M 0
LEFT_MLG 10.54 -2.54 -1.68 M 1
RIGHT_MLG 10.54 2.54 -1.68 M 2
LEFT_WING_TIP 12.09 -6.91 -0.58 M 3
RIGHT_WING_TIP 12.09 6.91 -0.58 M 4
CANOPY 5.08 0.00 1.14 M 5
RADOME_FRONT 0.00 0.00 -0.31 M 6
VERTICAL_TAIL 18.00 0.00 2.11 M 7
REAR_BODY_LEFT 16.53 0.94 -0.51 M 8
REAR_BODY_RIGHT 16.53 0.94 -0.51 M 9

Metrics

Element   Unit
Chord 3.37 M
Wingspan 16.22 M
Wing Area 47.28 M2
Wing Incidence 0.00 DEG
ClMax 1.60 ND

Propulsion

Element X Y Z Unit Feed
Turbo-Union-RB199-34R 16.75 -0.54 -0.09 M Left Feed line [1],External Tank [2],Right External Wing Tank [3],Left External Wing Tank [4],Right Wing Tank [5],Left Wing Tank [6],Front Tank Group [7],Rear Tank Group [8]
Turbo-Union-RB199-34R 16.75 0.54 -0.09 M Right Feed line [0],External Tank [2],Right External Wing Tank [3],Left External Wing Tank [4],Right Wing Tank [5],Left Wing Tank [6],Front Tank Group [7],Rear Tank Group [8]

Tanks

Element X Y Z Unit Capacity Id Priority Standpipe
Right Feed line 9.20 0.00 0.31 M 10 LBS 0 1  
Left Feed line 9.20 0.00 0.31 M 10 LBS 1 2  
External Tank 9.20 0.00 -0.19 M 1200 KG 2 3 50 KG
Right External Wing Tank 9.20 4.00 -0.19 M 1200 KG 3 4 50 KG
Left External Wing Tank 9.20 -4.00 -0.19 M 1200 KG 4 4 50 KG
Right Wing Tank 9.20 4.00 0.31 M 385 LBS 5 7 100 LBS
Left Wing Tank 9.20 -4.00 0.31 M 385 LBS 6 7 100 LBS
Front Tank Group 8.30 0.00 0.31 M 2128 KG 7 8 50 KG
Rear Tank Group 9.14 0.00 0.31 M 1862 KG 8 9 50 KG

Systems

Name
tornado-controls
tornado-hydraulic
tornado-electrics
tornado-avionics
tornado-ecs
tornado-sound
tornado-engines-RB199
tornado-flight-controls

Independent variables

Name
0.85
0.975
0.975
0.975
1
aero/alpha-deg
aero/alphadot-rad_sec-limited
aero/beta-deg
aero/betadot-rad_sec-limited
aero/pb
aero/qb
aero/rb
CSPL
fcs/differential-elevator-pos-deg
fcs/elevator-pos-deg
fcs/rudder-pos-deg
fcs/spoiler-left-pos-deg
fcs/spoiler-right-pos-deg
fcs/spoiler-total-deg

fcs/wing-sweep-pos-deg